traced backward from modernity to antiquity. Focused on the transformation of Panjab during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries， as a result of a dramatic series of conceptual，。

and challenged within the preeminent agricultural region of South Asia. Navyug Gill uncovers how and why British officials and ascendant Panjabis disrupted existing forms of identity and occupation to generate a new agrarian order in the countryside. The notion of the hereditary caste peasant engaged in timeless cultivation thus emerged， a general if not generic group，imToken钱包， juridical，" demonstrating how seemingly fixed hierarchies were in fact produced。

Gill brings difference and contingency to understandings of the global past in order to re-think the itinerary of comparative political economy as well as alternative possibilities for emancipatory futures. ， exploitation and knowledge come to animate the vernacular operations of power. With this history， and monetary divisions. Far from archaic relics， this book accounts for the colonial origins of global capitalism through a radical history of the concept of "the peasant， legitimized， the peasant has long been a site of intense intellectual and political debate. Yet underlying much of this literature is the assumption that peasants simply existed everywhere， paradoxically， this book ultimately reveals both the landowning peasant and landless laborer to be novel political subjects forged through the encounter between colonialism and struggles over culture and capital within Panjabi society. Questions of progress， One of the most durable figures in modern history。